CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Wastewater in a narrow contest means used water. It is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. The water which quality has deprived by human activities is wastewater. It comprise liquid waste discharged by domestic residents, commercial properties, and industrial and/or agricultural and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminant and concentration. In the most common usage it refers to the municipal wastewaters that contain a broad spectrum of contaminant resulting from mixing of wastewater from different source. Sewage is a term used in place of wastewater but the later is correctly a subset of wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine, but it often use to mean any dirty water. Sewage includes liquid waste product dispose off usually via a pipe or sewer or similar structure usually in a cesspool emptier. The (industrial) wastewater is conveyed from its origins to the point of eventual treatment or disposal via physical infrastructure called sewerage. Such infrastructure may include pip, pumps screen channels
1.1 TYPE OF WASTEWATER ACCORDING TO THEIR SOURCE
• HUMAN WASTE:-wastewater form human waste is called black water usually from lavatories, such waste are feces, urine or other body fluid.
• CESSPIT LEAEKAGE: – cesspit is a drum like structure used for collection of waste in industry. The water flow from it when leak is called cesspit leakage
• SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT DISCHARGE:- The waste fluid discharge via sewage treatment plant
• GREY WATER/WASHING WATER:- water from personal floor, dishes or clothes washing e.t.c.
• SUPPLUS MANUFACTURE LIQUID FROM DOMESTIC SOURCE: – such sources include cooking oil, pesticide, lubricating oil, cleaning liquid e.t.c.
• URBAN RAIN FALL RUN OFF:- this may be from roads, car p[arks roofs, side wall or pavements (containing oil, animal feces fuel, residue, metal from vehicle exhaust e.t.c.)
• Direct Ingres of man made liquid (illegal disposer of pesticide used oil e.t.c.)
• INDUSTRIAL WASTE: – any industry dealing with production will produce bi-product which will need to be washed away. Such bi-product together with washing water is also wastewater.
• EXTREME PH WASTE: – these are the categories which contain acidic or basic substance
• TOXIC WASTE: -these include metal planting, cyanide production pesticide manufacturing e.t.c.
• AGRICULTURAL WASTE:- it may be direct or/ and diffuse
1.3 CONSTITUENT OF WASTEWATER
The composition of wastewater varies widely from one source to another. Below is a partial list of what it might contain.
• Water (not less than 95%) which is often added during flushing to carry waste down a drain.
• Pathogen such as bacterial, virus, and parasitic worms.
• Non pathogenic bacterial
• Organic particles such as feces, hair, food, vomit, papers, fibers, plant materiel, humus. e.t.c.
• Inorganic particles such as sands grit, metal particle, ceramic e.t.c.
• Soluble inorganic materials such as ammonia, road salt, sea salt, cyanide, hydrogen sulphite, thiosulphate e.t.c.
• Animal such as protozoan, insect, anthropoid, small fishes e.t.c.
• MACRO SOLID such as condom, needles, children toy, dead animal or plant.
• GASS such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, methane e.t.c.
• Emulsion such as paint, adhesives, hair colorants, emulsified oil.
• Toxin such as pesticide, poison herbicide e.t.c.