CHAPTER ONE

1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF STUDY

 The facts are clear, loud, distinct, lucid and vivid. They are visible even to the blind, audible even to the deaf and known to everyone and thing  around us that the Nigerian state several years after independence still harbours a varied number of elements that existed prior to the setting up of a civil society as embodied in the Hobbesian state of nature.

 Antecedent to setting up an organized state Hobbes avers that men lived in a society without laws, authority and morality, no sense of right or wrong, justice or injustice. In it self-interest was the order of the day; this resulted in struggles and conflict making war prevalent among men who lived in perpetual danger and fear of death. According to Hobbes “there was no permanent ownership of anything by anybody; whatever anybody could grab was his own for as long as he was able to retain it. A stronger man could come along and snatch it from him and it would become his until another stronger man also snatches it from him”.¹ This society had no progress, no development, no agriculture and no industry. In it according to

Hobbes, “the life of man was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”.

 Likened to the Nigerian situation, it calls to question the validity or strength of our laws where we have a case of “complete erosion of our value system(s) such that, corruption and other social vices have acquired the status of virtues and mediocrity has become a norm and legal tender”², where looters of public treasury with impunity walk freely and are celebrated while a commoner with a far lesser degree of crime languishes in detention – justice or injustice? A lot of other criminal acts are being perpetrated daily and offenders with the backing of godfathers get off the hooks without punishments. These expose the corruption and weakness of our legal system and display a great degree of the immorality in our society. Election rigging, exam malpractices, economic and financial crimes, prostitution out of destitution and frustration, political thuggery, hired assassinations and other societal vices confirm and depict the absence of morality in our society.

 Besides these, the Nigerian state continues to struggle with ethnoreligious, politico-economic and socio-cultural realities of battles, pains and tears that are heart breaking. These are indications of Hobbes’ state of war and insecurity which existed among men in the state of nature and accounts for the collapsing social-economic structural and apparent relative stagnation we face as a nation. All these hinder societal progress, development and creation of more industries because potential foreign investors see the Nigerian state as unsafe. What is more? How else do we say that ours is an identical twin of the Hobbesian state of nature? In terms that lack any form of ambiguity, I hold that that exactly is what we have. 

The issues mentioned above are very striking and pose a lot of questions, thus making the need to answer the questions raised and address issues therein an imperative.  This is what this essay has set out to tackle.

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 It is an obvious fact that Nigeria state is one that embodies a litany of problems which cover the areas of economy, social, political, ethical, religious and otherwise. A critical look at each of these problems would reveal that threads of similarities run across all of them, namely selfishness or self-interest and corruption. The element of self interest as it was in the Hobbesian state of nature, led to strife and conflict which brought about a state of war of every one against everyone. Following an ambivalence of interest, there is bound to be conflict which leads to war and by extension insecurity.

 Nigeria presently is not free from these facts and as such one can say that these issues and others to be exposed in this work are similar to what obtained in the Hobbesian state of nature. Is this where we are supposed to be now as a country? How do we have these issues eradicated to have a better Nigeria? Don’t we need a revolution to move ahead? Which way Nigeria? How do we move forward from where we are? The fact that these questions need answers and the need to redress the situation in the Nigerian state which is still seen to be in the state of nature is what has triggered off this essay.

1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY

  In the light of the problems enumerated above, this essay aims at

taking a critical look at the practical situations in the Nigerian state and how they replicate discouraging elements of the Hobbesian state of nature with a view to advancing possible solutions to combat them.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

 This work is not just only a comparative analysis of a philosophical postulation and a reality of life; it is a critical philosophical look at the Nigerian state and the status quo. It is going to expose the situation Nigeria has faced over the years and still faces.

 The research will be significant because it is going to expose us to the need to eradicate of these issues which are overlooked in our every day living and have come to be accepted as ways of life. It is going to show the risks and dangers these issues hold for posterity and finally, it is going to proffer possible solutions on the way forward.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

 The scope of this work lies in its limitedness to the Hobbesian sociopolitical philosophy and how it relates to the Nigerian situation.

 This work is epistemological, historical, anthropological and ethical. It is epistemological as it would expose the notion of the Hobbesian state of nature and lay bare the situation of the Nigerian state following a comprehensive and logical approach. On the historical lane, it will survey the evolution of a civil society and also touch areas in the Nigerian society that lie in the past. Anthropologically, it studies man in society and from an ethical perspective looks at the morality, immorality or even the amoral aspects of issues here discussed.

1.6   METHODOLOGY

 To fully attain the goal of this essay, our method shall be expository, comparative, analytic and critical. It will be expository in that it will lay bare the issues treated here, comparative because areas of convergence and divergence of the issues treated here will be touched. It will be analytic because we shall give a comprehensive and systematic analysis of concepts raised here; and for the fact that we shall subject issues raised herein to a serious and assiduous scrutiny the method of this work becomes critical.  The methodology of this research is both primary and secondary. In the primary aspects, our major sources shall be the works of Thomas Hobbes to have first hand the notions of his thoughts. On the other hand, our secondary materials would constitute materials from libraries, daily experiences in the Nigerian state, newspapers, magazines, journals, and

internet sources.          

 Hermeneutics is simply an interpretation of history. This is an approach that would be employed in our methodology. Man’s understanding of himself is clearer when taken from a historical perspective as human knowledge is situated in time and varies with the historical features in which the knower finds himself or is living. Man through the hermeneutical process relates with the past to the present, checks and balances the two periods to see whether they compare favorably or whether there is need to make amends. Living without knowledge of history would make us relive past mistakes over and over again.

There are two types of approaches to the hermeneutical interpretation of history.

(a)                           the Phenomenological approach represented by the likes of Martin Heidegger; H.G Gadammer and Paul Recoeur

(b)                          Archeological or Psychological approach proposed and led

by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud; and the structuralists led by Levi Strauss.

More apt to our study’s choice of methodology is the phenomenological approach. Heidegger was the first to suggest this approach; he avers that man is part and parcel of history and to understand him, we must refer to history. This involves the acceptance of the past as it really is and its human component. Since human existential situation determines the course of history, it is therefore important for the past to be made available to the present to save man from falling into the same awful situations of ‘yesterday’. The degree of this understanding depends on the extent of openness and acceptance of facts. There must be a readiness to accept them as they are.

To help achieve our task successfully, this study has been divided into five chapters.     

Chapter one has to do with the introductory and preliminary aspects of this work. Here, the perceived problem which gave vent to this research is exposed as well as the purpose of the study, scope, significance and the research methodology. The definition of terms and a brief history of the life of Thomas Hobbes draw the curtain on this chapter.

Chapter two which is the literature review x-rays the views of past authors and scholars on the topic at stake in a chronological pattern showing how they have agreed or differed on this issue at stake.

Chapter three which opens with the prelude to the Hobbesian sociopolitical philosophy has its major themes as the state of nature, the social contract theory as well as an exposition of the sovereignty concept in Hobbes. Other issues in Hobbes pertinent to his views on this topic are also laid bare in this chapter.

  Chapter four deals with the origin of the Nigerian state of nature beginning from the colonial days through the amalgamation, preindependence days, origin of the Nigerian state of nature and how the state of nature has ruled affairs and life in Nigeria since then. A detailed expose’ of the Nigerian state of nature is also given in this chapter to show how life in the Hobbesian pre-civilized society is replicated in the Nigerian state; the rule of law in Nigeria being head down in slumber also forms a part of this chapter. Another high point of this chapter is a comparative analysis of the thoughts of Hobbes and the Nigerian situation. This concludes our work in chapter four.

Chapter five the last of this work houses a critique of this work, a panacea for the Nigerian state of nature where possible steps of moving Nigeria forward will be highlighted and the conclusion which closes the whole work.

1.7 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

 Some terms have been used in the course of this work and to eliminate any form of ambiguity or misconceptions the need to undertake here a clear definition of concepts arises.

STATE

There is no clear all inclusive definition of state; some writers however, define it in a varied number of ways. “Some conceive it as a power-system; others as a welfare-system while others view it as a legal construction, that is, a community organized for action under legal rules. Some identify the state with a nation (and) others regard it as no more than a mutual insurance society”.³ But in a more simple form, one may say it is a country considered as an organized political community controlled by one government.⁴

In its other context state can be seen as a condition, a situation, a position, a status, circumstance or shape. It is in this context that we shall be talking about affairs in the Nigerian and the Hobbesian society when we talk about the “state of nature”. 

NATURE

This is another concept with a variety of contextual contents.

(1)             First it can be seen as “all the plants, animals and things that exist in the universe that are not made by people” ⁵

(2)             It has also been described as the natural state, natural and original condition of humankind as distinguished from the state of grace⁶

(3)             It is a primitive or basic state of existence, untouched and uninfluenced by civilization⁷. Our main use of the word nature in this work is in this third context.

STATE OF NATURE

The state of nature is the society of human beings outside a civil society or before its formation as invoked by the British philosophers, Hobbes and Locke and the French philosopher Rousseau. It is a term used in theories to describe the hypothetical condition of humanity before the foundation of a civil society. In a broader sense, the state of nature is the condition before the rule of law came into being, thus being a synonym of lawlessness, anarchy and insecurity. 

NIGERIAN

Nigerian here refers to somebody or something from Nigeria; in another sense, it has to do with something about Nigeria or what has to do with Nigeria.

SITUATION

TheMicrosoft Encarta Dictionary defines situation as “state of affairs; a particular set of circumstances existing in a particular place or at a particular time”. It further defines it as “current circumstances; the current conditions that characterize somebody’s life or events in a particular place, country or society”⁸. For the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, it is “all the circumstances and things that are happening at a particular time in a particular place”.⁹

COMPARATIVE

The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines comparative as:

(a)              “connected with studying things to find out how similar or different they are”.

(b)             “measured or judged by how similar or different it is to something else”¹⁰

Our use of this term is closest to the second definition exposed.

ANALYSIS

This is defined as “the detailed study or examination of something in order to understand more about it; it is the result or the study of something”; it is also defined by same source as “a careful examination of something in order to find out what it consists of”¹¹.

SOCIAL CONTRACT

 This is the theory of popular sovereignty based on the notion that men had originally created the state by a means of communal covenant to which all individuals involved consented. “According to the social contract theory, the state was created by a number of individuals voluntarily entering into a contract, the terms of which provided a political authority”¹². “There are many versions of this theory but the best known and most influential among them are those associated with Thomas Hobbes and John Locke during the seventeenth century in England and Jean Jacques Rousseau during the eighteenth century in France”.¹³

SOVEREIGNTY

The same dictionary quoted above defines sovereignty as a “state of being a country with freedom to govern itself”.¹⁴ Appadorai on his part sees sovereignty “as the power of the state to make laws and enforce the laws, with all the coercive power it cares to employ”.¹⁵ For Remi Anifowose, “the term denotes supreme and final legal authority, above and beyond which no further legal power exists. …sovereignty has two dimensions: internal supremacy within the territory of the state and internal independence from direct political control by any other states”.¹⁶

SELF INTEREST

The WorldNet Dictionary defines self interest as “attempting to get personal recognition for yourself especially by unacceptable means”, it also defines it as “taking advantage of opportunities without regards for the consequences for others”¹⁷. The synonyms of self interest are; egocentrism, egoism, self-centeredness, self-concern, opportunism and self-seeking while the antonyms as provided are; altruism and selflessness. 

1.8  LIFE HISTORY OF THOMAS HOBBES

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), English philosopher and political theorist is one of the first modern Western thinkers to provide a secular justification for the political state. The philosophy of Hobbes marked a departure in English philosophy from the religious emphasis of Scholasticism. His ideas represented a reaction against the decentralizing ideas of the Reformation (1517-1648), which, Hobbes contended, brought anarchy. Regarded as an important early influence on the philosophical doctrine of utilitarianism, Hobbes also contributed to modern psychology and laid the foundations of modern sociology by applying mechanistic principles in an attempt to explain human motivation and social

organization. 

Born in Malmesbury, Hobbes was educated at Magdalen Hall, University of Oxford. He is now widely regarded as one of a handful of truly great philosophers, whose masterwork Leviathan rivals in significance the political writings of Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Rousseau, Kant and Rawls. In 1608 he became the tutor of William Cavendish, later earl of Devonshire. In the following years Hobbes made several tours through France and Italy with his pupil and later, with Cavendish’s son. During his travels Hobbes met and discussed the physical sciences with several leading thinkers of the time, including Italian astronomer Galileo and French philosophers René Descartes and Pierre Gassendi. In 1637 Hobbes returned to England and published his Little Treatise, which outlined his new theory of motion.

Interrupted by the constitutional struggle between King Charles I and

Parliament, Hobbes set to work on defense of the royal prerogative. This work was privately circulated in 1640 under the title The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic and was published in 1650. Hobbes, fearing that Parliament might have him arrested because of his book, fled to Paris, where he remained in voluntary exile for 11 years.

In 1642 Hobbes finished De Cive, (On Citizenship; translated in 1651), a statement of his theory of government. From 1646 to 1648 he was mathematics tutor to the Prince of Wales, later King Charles II, who was living in exile in Paris. Hobbes’s best-known work, Leviathan; or, The Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil (1651), is a forceful exposition of his doctrine of sovereignty. The work was interpreted by the followers of the exiled prince as a justification of the Commonwealth and aroused the suspicions of the French authorities by its attack on the papacy. Again fearful of arrest, Hobbes returned to England.

In 1660, when the Commonwealth ended and his former pupil acceded to the throne, Hobbes again came into favor. In 1666, however, the House of Commons passed a bill including Leviathan among the books to be investigated on charges of atheistic tendencies (Hobbes argued for a distinction between knowledge and faith and suggested that one could not gain knowledge of God). The measure caused Hobbes to burn many of his papers and to delay publication of three of his works: Behemoth: The History of the Causes of Civil Wars of England; Dialogues Between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England; and a metrical Historia Ecclesiastica. At the age of 84, Hobbes wrote an autobiography in Latin verse. Within the next three years he translated into English verse the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer. He died at the age of 91.

In 1995 three previously unattributed essays of Hobbes were published.

These writings suggest the influence of Italian political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli on Hobbes’s ethics and politics.

Developing his politics and ethics from a naturalistic basis of selfinterest, Hobbes held that since people are fearful and predatory they must submit to the absolute supremacy of the state, in both secular and religious matters, in order to live by reason and gain lasting preservation. Within psychology, he proposed that all human actions are caused by material phenomena, with people motivated by what he termed appetite (movement toward an object; similar to pleasure) or aversion (movement away from an object; similar to pain).¹⁸

ENDNOTES

1

 Joseph Omoregbe, A Simplified History of Western Philosophy, Vol. 2,

Modern Philosophy, (Lagos: Joja Educational Research and Publishers Limited, 2003), p.43.

2

 Cf Steve Shaba, “Forward” in G. Ehusani, Nigeria: Years Eaten by the Locust, (Ibadan: Kraft Books Limited, 2002) p. v.

3

 See R.M McIver, The Modern State, (London: OUP, 1966) P.22

4

 A.S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English,

6^th Ed., (UK: Oxford University Press, 2001) p. 113

5

 Ibid p. 781

6

 Microsoft Encarta Dictionary 2008, 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation

7                      Ibid

8                      Ibid

9

 A.S. Hornby,Ibid p. 1109

10

 Ibid p. 226

11

 Ibid p. 36

12

 Remi Anifowose, “State, Society and Nation”, in Remi Anifowose and Francis Enemuo eds., Elements of Politics, (Lagos: Malthouse Press

Limited, 1999) p. 95

13

 John Plamenatz, Man and Society, Vol. 1, (London: Longman, 1966) p.

391

14

 A.S. Hornby, Ibid p. 1138

15

 A. Appadorai, The Substance of Politics, (Delhi: Oxford University

Press, 1994) p. 13

16 Remi Anifowose, Ibid, p. 89

17

 http/www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/self-interest

¹⁸   Life History of Thomas Hobbes from Encarta Microsoft Encyclopedia

2008.