CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
One aim of science teaching is to enhance pupils’ understanding of scientific concepts. Another is to develop children’s capacity to understand scientific procedures and to investigate scientifically. Understanding is a mental state, the product of mental processes which infer relationships between elements of information (Johnson-Laird, 1983, 1987; Halford, 1993). Teachers cannot give learners this mental state but can attempt to support the mental processing which gives rise to it. They might do this by providing conceptual structures which embody the relationships or, paradoxically, by withholding such structures (Newton, 1996). However, it would be wrong to characterize these as passive and active learning.
Both may require the learner to participate actively in constructing meaning. Research in science education has placed more emphasis on children’s understanding of scientific concepts with less emphasis on teacher trainees’ conceptualization of scientific concepts (Linder & Erickson, 1989; Driver, 1989; Yip, 1998). One reason cited for less emphasis on teachers’ conceptualization of science concepts is the belief that teachers had extra time at the college/university level to focus on their studies and consequently have acquired an understanding of scientific concepts (Linder & Erickson, 1989).
However, it is becoming increasingly important to investigate teacher trainees’ conceptualization of scientific concepts because they will ‘talk and explain’ science concepts to children. Therefore, it is expected that teacher preparatory institutions would teach teacher trainees in a way that places more emphasis on knowledge construction and with less emphasis on knowledge acquisition. Such a move would help teacher trainees to do the same to learners.Although some studies have been conducted on teacher’ conceptualizations of biological concepts, they are, however, very few indeed (Boo, 2005; Yip. 2007).However, these studies have been very helpful since they indicated biological concepts in which teachers are deficient and possess misconceptions (Boo, 2005).
This current study therefore aims at obtaining insights into teachers’ conceptualization of immunological processes. In comparison to the wealth of information on some concepts in biology, the research literature on teachers’ conceptualization of immunological processes is under-represented yet immunological processes are crucial to the life of all organisms on earth. Teachers therefore should have a clear conception of immunological processes so that they are proficient at explaining them to children. Furthermore, teachers’ understanding of immunological processes would help them to explain HIV/AIDS pandemic better.