CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.8 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL
2.2 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG COMMERCIAL DRIVERS
2.3 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG COMMERCIAL DRIVERS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 AREA OF STUDY
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
3.4 RESEARCH SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
3.6 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFRENCE
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Commercial drivers Nigeria has a major significant on the socio economic activities of Nigeria. This is all because a large part of the population works in the transportation industry so they travel in their commercial vehicles daily to and from work. People equally engaged on journeys for recreation, shopping and other social activities through the same medium. Also both raw materials and finished goods are also transported over a long distance either for production or consumers. This has underscored the importance of road transportation mostly powered by commercial drivers as an integral part of the functioning of Nigeria like other developing economies of the world. Apart from this positive impact, there are other undesirable effects of commercial drivers’ activities. One of the negative effects of this commercial driving is the increase rate of mortality that is caused by road accidents due to their recklessness and negligence, the negative consequences is caused due to the hazardous use of alcohol (Enekwechi, 1984; Ewhrudjakpor, 1995; 2001; W.H.O. 2002; Hammarstrom and Janlert, 2002; Olley, 2009). Thus the emphasis of this study is on the socio-cultural consequences of alcohol consumption, particularly, in the family related context such domestic violence, divorce, inhibiting sexual intercourse, pregnancy and others such as alcohol induced high-risk behaviors like unsafe sex. Domestic violence is a devastating social problem that affects every segment of the population. It is a social problem because it affects so many more people than just the intended victim. Domestic violence affects all social groups and can consist of physical, sexual and psychological abuse. Although men can also be affected by domestic violence, women suffer disproportionately. On a daily basis, Nigerian women are beaten, raped and even murdered by members of their family on seemingly provocation. In Nigeria, Section 55 (d) of the Penal Code permits a husband to physically abuse to correct his wife as long as they are married according to the native/custom law in which such correction is recognised as lawful (Suleiman, 2001). Up to a third of women in Nigeria report that they have been subjected to some form of violence, including battering and verbal abuse, emotional and psychological abuse, marital rape, sexual exploitation, or harassment. Domestic violence is one of socio-cultural factors which causes vary widely in Nigeria. Studies have reported a high correlation between alcohol or other substance abuse, and battering. There is no agreement on the fact the alcohol use directly causes violence. But is a known fact that alcohol does affect the user’s ability to perceive, integrate and process information. Alcoholic households are less cohesive and have more conflicts, and their members are less independent and expressive than households with nonalcoholic or recovering alcoholic parents. This distortion in the user’s thinking may increase the risk that the user will misinterpret his partner or another’s behavior. Batterers can also use drinking as one of many excuses for their violence and as a way to place the responsibility for their violence elsewhere. The consequences of spousal violence can be severe, for example, abused women are statistically more likely to have an unintended pregnancy, report a history of abortion, miscarriage, or stillbirth than those who had never experienced violence. Divorce is another growing social problem. It has caused so many discomforts in the family life. Divorce has made couples to pass through a period of strong emotional trauma. There are those who fall into deep depression, others come down with some illness, due to the involvement in divorce (Melgosa and Melgosa. 2012). Also, loneliness is equally a widespread condition both spouses feel tremendously occasioned by divorce. Oneke (2004), observed that divorce is painfully destructive and nothing good comes out of it. Children from divorced families face the problem of academic performance, juvenile problems, food and clothing. Children who grow up in divorced families often have more difficulties getting along with siblings, pears, and their parents. Furthermore, adolescents who experience divorce are likely to engage in delinquent activities to get involved in early sexual activity, and to experiment with illegal drugs. Alcohol abuse has torn apart countless marriages and ruined countless lives. When alcohol abuse is involved, there are always serious trust issues, and a marriage cannot survive without trust. The alcoholic has lied often, made and broken too many promises, and generally not done his/her part of the work in the relationship. Alcohol use has been found as an independent risk factor for intentions to engage in unprotected sex, and as risky sex intentions have been shown to be linked to actual risk behaviour. Some previous studies suggest an association between alcohol abuse and unsafe sexual behaviour, such as multiple concurrent sexual partnerships and inconsistent condom use in sex with non-spousal non-cohabiting partners (Kongnyuy & Wiysonge, 2007; Mitsunaga, Powell, Heard, & Larsen, 2005; Oyediran, Isiugo-Abanihe, Feyisetan & Ishola, 2010).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
With all the positive impact the commercial bus drivers has on the economy, there are other undesirable effects of commercial drivers’ activities. One of the negative effects of this commercial driving is the increase rate of mortality that is caused by road accidents due to their recklessness and negligence. The road accident majorly traceable most times to their negligence constitutes a major cause of morbidity, mortality, disability and socio-economic loss (WHO, 2009). One important factor that is likely responsible for the undesirable outcomes is alcohol use among commercial drivers. Alcohol consumption is common among commercial drivers because it is readily available in motor parks. Makanjuola, Oyeleke and Akande (2007) reported that the use of psychoactive substances, especially alcohol, was very common among long-distance vehicle drivers in Lagos state, Nigeria.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to find out the socio cultural effects of alcohol consumption among commercial drivers in Lagos state, specifically the study intends to:
1. Analyze the socio cultural effect of alcohol consumption among commercial bus drivers
2. Find out the causes of alcohol consumption among commercial drivers
3. Find out the consumption level of alcohol among commercial bus drivers
1.4 Research Question
1. Is there any socio cultural effect of alcohol consumption among commercial bus drivers
2. What are the causes of alcohol consumption among commercial drivers
3. What is the consumption level of alcohol among commercial bus drivers
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: there is no socio cultural effect of alcohol consumption among commercial bus drivers
Hi: there is a socio cultural effect of alcohol consumption among commercial bus drivers
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research work will be very useful in various ways, it will be useful to the government in making policy that will stop commercial drivers of drinking alcohol while driving, and this research work will also enlighten driver’s not just commercial drivers alone on the risk of driving and drinking.
Finally this research work will serve as a guide for other related research work, and other researchers who will embark on the same research topic.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This research work will examine related concepts and literatures on the socio cultural effects of alcohol consumption and also analyze the socio cultural effect. This research work will be conducted in Lagos state.
1.8 Delimitation of the Study
Finance for the general research work will be a challenge during the course of study. Correspondents also might not be able to complete or willing to submit the questionnaires given to them.
However, it is believed that these constraints will be worked on by making the best use of the available materials and spending more than the necessary time in the research work. Therefore, it is strongly believed that despite these constraint, its effect on this research report will be minimal, thus, making the objective and significance of the study achievable.