CHAPTER ONE
THE STEAM BOILER
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Boilers are pressure vessels designed to heat water or
produce steam which can then be used to provide space heating and/ or service
water heating to a building. In most commercial heating applications, the
heating source in the boiler is a natural gas fired burner. Oil fired burners and
electric resistance heaters can be used as well. Steam is preferred over hot
water in some applications, including absorption cooling, kitchen, laundries,
sterilizers and steam driven equipment. Capehart, B. (2006).
Boiler is multipurpose equipment in all manufacturing
industries. Industries like: Nigeria bottling company, textile mail, laundries,
breweries, matches company e.t.c. A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides
a means for combustion and transfer heat to water until it becomes hot water or
steam. The hot water or steam under pressure is then useable for transferring
the heat to a process. When water is boiled into steam, it’s volume increases
about 1,600 times, producing a force that is almost as explosive as gun powder.
This causes the boiler to be extremely dangerous equipment and should be treated
carefully. When liquid is heated up to the gaseous state, it evaporates, this
process is known as evaporation.
Any part of the boiler metal that actually contributes
to making steam is known as heat
surface. Heating surface is any part of the boiler; hot gases for
combustion are on one side and water on the other side. Albert Oladele. (2017).
The burner is meant for the combustion generated,
while the boiler is meant for building steam. The combination of the boiler and
the burner and vertical boilers can be easily differentiated apart from their
physical view. Horizontal boilers and vertical boilers can be so easily
differentiated apart from their physical view. Horizontal boilers are bottom
supported while the vertical boilers are top supported. ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE
VESSEL.CODE (BPVC) 2010
Since boiler is a closed metallic vessel, heating
water above the atmospheric pressure, steam could be generated at the desired
pressure and temperature. To heat the water fuels like: coal, diesel oil, gas
etc may be use. The function of a boiler is to evaporate water into steam at
constant pressure and to supply the required type of steam.
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1.1
Aim
To
study the operation, maintenance, and repair of steam boiler. To operate the
steam boiler in a low cost avoid any explosion during operation.
To
promote the safe operation of electric steam boiler.
1.2 Objectives
·
To Identify the terms
associated with steam boilers
·
To Identify the
components of a steam system
·
To describe the role and
application the steam system plays in the function of a boiler system.
·
To Identify the
components of a feed water system
·
To describe the role and
application the feed water system plays in the function of a boiler system.
·
To Identify the
components of the fuel and air system
·
To describe the roles and
application the fuel and air system plays in the function of a boiler system.
·
To Analyze conservation
of heat energy by various component to maximize efficiency and minimize cost.
·
To Steam production.
·
To get acquitted with the
operation of steam boiler.
·
To Steam boiler
regulations.
The steam boiler, aim and objective of studying was
due to a very serious boiler explosion occurred in Calcutta in the year 1863
which caused the loss of several lives.
1.3 Background
The main stay technology for generating heating or
process energy is the package steam boiler. This type of boiler has proven to
be highly efficient and cost effective in generating steam and hot water.
Selecting the right boiler equipment for the process
however requires a thorough evaluation according to several criteria.
–
Reviewing boiler types
–
Comparing features and
benefit
–
Determining fuel
consumption and also boiler efficiency. If these evaluation criteria, a key
factor is fuel consumption or boiler efficiency. Thompson 1996
Steam
boiler is of very ancient origin. The introduction of famous James Watt’s
improved steam engine from 1769 to 1775 onwards resulted in great improvement in
steam plants. Indian Boiler Ibr TormsAct (1923).
A large number of today’s processes and heating
application is powered by steam and hot water. Boiler’s roots goes back to the
late 1700s and early 1800s with the development of the kettle-type boiler,
which simply boil water into steam. The water was placed above a fixed fire box
and then boiled into steam. Albert
Oladele (2017).
For most boiler investments, the initial cost
generally represents only small portion of the cost, while fuel and maintenance
cost actually cost represents the major portion of cost. The Control of Boiler’s 2nd Edition.