CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Sand and
Gravel (Aggregate) are generally used in construction of building and other
structures such as Lintel, Slab, Beam and Column. When concrete is freshly
mixed the aggregates are suspended in cement, water, air bubble paste.
Selection of types and size gradation of the aggregate depend upon the nature
of the aggregate employed, a fairly precise balanced between the amount of fine
and coarse aggregate size fraction may have to be maintained to achieve the
desire mobility, plasticity and freedom from segregation (Olajide B.T 2013).
Presence of aggregate provides an enormous contact area for intimate bond
between the paste and the aggregate surfaces. Rigidity of aggregate greatly restrains
volume change of the whole mass. Aggregate (sand and gravel) can be classified
by their mineral, chemical, and physical properties, aggregate physical
properties and direct result of its mineral and chemical properties,
significantly improve the workability of the fresh concrete are contributed by
proper choice of aggregate, this improvement is important in the properties of
hardened concrete as well, such as properties and pavement slipperiness.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
This research
work is comprises the finding of the fine and coarse aggregate from different
area in Ilorin metropolis and uses of different aggregate size for the
production of concrete and the compressive strength test is carryout to determine
the compressive strength of concrete produced with different sizes of coarse
aggregate.
1.2 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The Aim of
this project is to investigate into the suitability of sand and gravel material
use in the construction of buildings.
1.2.1 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY ARE:
a)
To determine how gravel can be use for commercial purpose.
b)
To determine the strength capacity of the two materials i.e.
sand and gravel for the purpose of construction.
c)
To be able to recommend a particular practicable design
ratio for aggregate in the construction of a building.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF
THE STUDY
The sand and
gravel has been the principal construction material worldwide. Sand and gravel
represent loose sediments originated by transport and deposition of more or
less worn rock fragmented of certain size (Gravel 2 to 129mm, sand 0.065 to
2mm) which is the product of the weathering of rocks.
The ultimate
use of sand and gravel determines the ratio of combination of sand and gravel
size, the shape, rock type and composition. Sand and gravel are used mostly in
the building industry in concrete mixtures, as drainage and filtration layers,
road base fill and for foundation stabilization, e.g. sand are used in the
building industry in mortar and concrete mixtures as an opening material in
production of bricks.
1.4
SCOPE OF STUDY
This research
work is based on the experiment conducted in the laboratory of sand and gravel
of Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin to determine the grade of particular size,
likewise the strength. The scope is as follows:
1. To perform sieve analysis test on fine
and coarse aggregate.
2. The production of concrete cube
3. The compressive strength test.
1.5
METHODOLOGY
The method
used in this project is the selection of different size of aggregate and the
uses of those aggregate in the production of concrete according to British
standard (B.S. 8110). The production of concrete cube is carried out and curing
also takes place after the production in order to achieve maximum strength.
There is production for 7days, 14days, 21days and 28days and compressive
strength machine is use for the crushing which gives the actual strength for
each production per day. The essence of this laboratory test is to determine
the suitability of sand and gravel of different size particles in concrete
production use in building construction works.