ABSTRACT
The study investigated into the study of influence of social demographic factors and lifestyle modification on control of hypertension among patients in Olabisi Onabanjo teaching hospital, Shagamu, Ogun State. The specific aims include; to find out the influence of social demographic factors on control of hypertension among patient; to examine the influence of lifestyle modification on prevention and control of hypertension among patient.to asses the influence of socio-demographic factors among hypertensive patients; to examine the extent to which socio-demographic factors influence control of hypertension among patients; What is the extent to which lifestyle modification influence control of hypertension among hypertensive patient?
The study entails some conceptual clarification which include; hypertension, sign and symptoms of hypertension and causes of hypertension. The Health Promotion model was used has the theoretical background of the study.
The study employed the descriptive research design. The population of the study included (150) one hundred and fifty hypertensive patient on admission and those attending out Patient clinic. Olabisi Onabanjo University teaching Hospital (OOUTH) Sagamu, Ogun state was the location of the study. The sample size was 120 using Taro Yamane formula.
The hypothesis depicts that socio-demographic factors has no significant effect on the lifestyle modification of patient at (p>0.05) at 0.15%.
The study recommended that the medical section and unit should create awareness program for the age group above 0 years, since this are the age they encounter most problem of hypertensive cases. The nurses and medical unit should give advice to patient and individuals that come for medical check-up. So has to inform them of their hypertensive position which can be read out through the blood pressure test.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Considering the high prevalence of hypertension, severe complications and lack of adequate control, it is believed that hypertension is a major health problem throughout the world. It is estimated that hypertension affects about 1 billion people all over the world and it is the main risk factor for many other cardiovascular diseases (Brady & Lusk, 2015). The prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria may form a substantial proportion of the total burden in Africa because of the large population of the country currently estimated to be over 170 million (Akinlua & Davis 2015). Although the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension have been shown to prevent cardiovascular diseases and to extend life, hypertension still remains an inadequately managed worldwide disease. There are a range of factors that increase the risk of developing hypertension. Tobacco use increases the incidence of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. Alcohol consumptions is related to 5% to 30% of hypertension cases in general population. Similarly, about 30% of cases attributed to increased salt consumption and 20% to physical inactivity (Beck & Polit 2014). Recent reports have provided evidence that increasing rates of non-communicable diseases, including hypertension are associated with other determinants like increases in rapid unplanned urbanization, globalization, and socio demographic and nutritional transition. (Beck & Polit 2014).) The cause of uncontrolled hypertension is multifactorial. In order to actively improve their lifestyle, patients must have knowledge and understanding of hypertension and the potential health risks associated with the condition, as well as the potential positive effects of lifestyle modification. Inadequate patient knowledge and awareness about blood pressure (BP) are also potential causes for non-adherence to taking antihypertensive drugs, and consequently, high rates of uncontrolled blood pressure Patients with hypertension should have the knowledge they need to take care of themselves, to be able to define their condition, to evaluate risk factors, and to appreciate the significance of lifelong medical control (DeMartinis, 2011). Furthermore, patients with a good knowledge of their disease are more motivated to practice home blood pressure monitoring, which significantly improves medication adherence and blood pressure control. The estimated total number of adults with hypertension in 2000 was 972 million; 333 million in economically developed countries and 639million in economically developing countries.
It has been suggested that the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and hypertension is increasing rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa. According to WHO data HTN deaths in Ethiopia reached 9,743 or 1.190/0 of total deaths. It holds 13th rank among top 20 cause of death in Ethiopia. In the case of Bishoftu General Hospital, total number of hypertensive patients is 684 according to data obtained from the hospital record office. The current prevalence in many developing countries, particularly in urban societies, is said to be already as high as those seen in developed countries. The higher prevalence of hypertension in urban areas compared to rural areas strongly implicates differences in lifestyle as an explanatory factor. Higher levels of obesity and increased salt and fat intake from consuming more processed foods and engaging in jobs with minimal physical activity are likely explanations for higher hypertension in urban populations (Frisoli, Weng, Smith, & Zeng 2011).
Appropriate lifestyle changes often called non-pharmacological approaches are the cornerstone for the prevention of hypertension. Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Proper treatment of hypertension can reduce the risk of stroke up to 42% and of coronary heart disease by about 14.3%. However, lifestyle is a vital issue in managing hypertension. (Muyung, Kerr, Lusk, and Ronis, 2017).
Hypertension is a major health problem throughout the world with high morbidity and mortality rate. Globally the disease affects over one billion people, seven million of them die each year as a consequence of severe complications and lack of adequate control (Muyung, Kerr, Lusk, & Ronis, 2017). Therefore, this study focuses on influences of social demographic factors and lifestyle modification on control of hypertension among patients in a Teaching Hospital, Ogun state.
1.2 Statement of the problem
The lifestyle of people exposes them to the risk of hypertension and only few persons are usually aware of their hypertensive status and as well as seek treatment (Adamu, Mijiyawa & Hadiza, 2017). This has led to unacceptably high morbidity and mortality from potentially preventable complications such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, strokes and chronic renal failure (Sani et al., 2010). This study is set to educate people on the prevention and control of hypertension.
Despite all that is known about its adverse health consequences, high blood pressure (BP) is still poorly controlled in Nigeria (Adamu, Mijiyawa & Hadiza,2017). According to Kearney et al., (2012), prevention of hypertension is possible, although rarely achieved, and treatment can lead to a reduced incidence of complications, including stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and kidney disease.
Some of the social demographic factors that affect the control of hypertension are age, cultural factors, religious beliefs, socioeconomic factors, and environmental factors. Despite the availability of multiple effective antihypertensive medications with proven benefits in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, control of hypertension remains poor. Cultural and religious beliefs is one of the factors preventing the uptake of antihypertensive medications by certain individuals (Ifeoma, Chinwuba, Arodiwe & Okafor 2011). Inability to procure some of these medications due to low socioeconomic status is also a factor influencing the prevention and control of hypertension. For proper analysis, this study will examine the social demographic factors and lifestyle modification on control of hypertension among patients in a Teaching Hospital, Ogun state.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The general objective of this study is to examine the influence of social demographic factors and lifestyle modification on control of hypertension among patients in Olabisi Onabanjo Teaching Hospital, Ogun state. The specific objectives include the following:
1. Find out the influence of social demographic factors on control of hypertension among patient in OOUTH Sagamu.
2. Examine the influence of lifestyle modification on the control of hypertension among patient in OOUTH Sagamu
3. Asses the influence of socio-demographic factors among hypertensive patients in OOUTH
4. Examine the extent to which socio-demographic factors influence control of hypertension among patients in OOUTH.
5. What is the extent to which lifestyle modification influence control of hypertension among hypertensive patient in OOUTH
6. Asses the influence of socio-demographic factors among hypertensive patients in OOUTH
1.4 Research questions
The relevant research questions related to this study include the following:
1. What is the influence of socio demographic factors on the control of hypertension among hypertensive patients in OOUTH Sagamu?
2. What is the influence of lifestyle modification on the control of hypertension among hypertensive patients in OOTH Sagamu?
3. Is there an influence of education on lifestyle modification practice on the control of hypertension?
4. Asses the influence of socio-demographic factors on lifestyle modification among hypertensive patient in OOUTH Sagamu?
5. What is the extent to which Socio-demographic factors influence control of hypertension among hypertensive patient in OOTH Sagamu?
1.5 Research hypothesis
H0 – There is no significant influence of socio-demographic factors on lifestyle modification among hypertensive patients in OOUTH.
H1 – There is no significant combined influence of socio-demographic factors and lifestyle modification on control among hypertensive patients in OOUTH.
1.6 Significance of the study
This study is relevant to both hypertensive patients and non-hypertensive people. The findings from this study are also significant to healthcare providers, healthcare sector stakeholders, government and researchers.
1. To hypertensive patients, this study reveals the necessary lifestyle practices that will enhance the control of hypertension. The need to adopt certain practices in order to treat their hypertension.
2. To non-hypertensive people, this study elucidates the need to adopt lifestyle practices that enhancethe prevention of hypertension.
3. The finding from this research educates healthcare providers and medical personnel on their roles in educating people on the necessary lifestyle modification practices that will improve the prevention and control of hypertension.
4. This study also reveals the role of the government in equipping the healthcare institutions with the necessary medical equipment and drugs for the treatment of hypertension. The government is also expected to influence the media on the education of people on the lifestyle practices that influence the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
5. To researchers, the findings from this study will enhance the existing body of literature by contemplating the areas of the literature that have not yet been examined or considered and incorporating these factors into the current study. The study will thus form the basis for further studies in the field.
1.7 Scope of the study
The scope of this study will be restricted to the social demographic factors and lifestyle modification on control of hypertension among patients in a Teaching Hospital, Ogun state. A primary data will be used for the purpose of this study and the sample population are hypertensive patients in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH) Sagamu, Ogun state. The researcher restrict this study to hypertensive patients in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH) Sagamu, Ogun state, due to the limited resources available and time constraints.
1.8 Operational definition of terms
Occupation: is an activity in which one engages on as a means of earning a living.
Education: isthe act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment.
Ethnicity: is the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.
Lifestylemodification: involves altering long-term habits, typically of eating or physical activity, and maintaining the new behaviour for months or years.
High blood pressure: is a common disease in which blood flows through blood vessels, or arteries, at higher than normal pressures.
Cardiovascular: Relating to the circulatory system, which comprises the heart and blood vessels and carries nutrients and oxygen to the tissues of the body and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes from them.
Cardiovascular diseases: are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels.
Obesity:is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
Health problem: A state in which you are unable to function normally and without pain.