ABSTRACT
The
purpose of this study was to find out the Effect of refuse disposal on human
health in Ijebu North Local Government Area. The population for the study
consisted of youth and adults (male and female) in Ijebu North Local Government
Area of Ogun State.
The
study was a descriptive survey. A stratified random sampling technique was used
to select five hundred (500) respondents. Self structured questionnaire was
used to collect data for this study. The Six hypotheses formulated by the
researcher were tested with chi-square statistical method, and they were all
rejected. The data analysis revealed that refuse disposal, toilet facilities
and environmental sanitation are inadequate in Ijebu North Local Government
Area.
Therefore,
the researcher made some recommendations which includes that: The government
should ensure that environmental laws are made effective by the appropriate law
enforcement agents, the health workers should also examine the effectiveness of
the environmental sanitation exercise all the time, the parents should also
engage their children in the participation of the exercise, the refuse gathered
by the people during the exercise should also be taken to the appropriate dump
sites.
Tableofcontent
Chapterone
Introduction
1.1
Background
to the study 1
1.2
Statement
of the problem 4
1.3
Research
Questions 5
1.4
Research
Hypotheses 6
1.5
Significance
of the study 6
1.6
Delimitation
of the study 7
1.7
Limitation
of the study 7
1.8
Operational
Definition of terms 8
2.0 Chapter two
2.0
Introduction 9
2.1 Sanitation 14
2.2 Environmental
Sanitation 16
2.3 Environmental Management 17
2.4 Environmental
Sanitation Management (ESM) 18
2.5 Sustainable
Development 18
2.6 The Need for Environmental Sanitation
Management 19
2.6.1 Environmental
Sanitation Policy and Government
Institutions 22
2.6.2
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 22
2.7 Poverty and the Environment 23
2.8 Poor
Sanitation and its consequences 27
2.8.1
Health Problems of Poor Sanitation 31
2.8.2
The Impact of Poor Sanitation 34
2.8.3
Sanitation Protects the Environment 34
2.8.4
A Healthy Living Environment Depends
On Sanitary Toilets 35
2.8.5
Sanitary Toilets Aid Environmental
Sustainability 36
2.8.6
Ekiti State Sanitary Condition
37
2.9
Outbreak of Cholera Disease in Delta 39
2.10
Effects of Pesticide As A Result of
Inadequate Weeding 40
2.11 Reusing Waste Has Many Benefits 42
2.12
Health Related Environmental Problems 43
2.13
Public Education and Awareness 44
2.14
How To Have A Successful Environmental
Sanitation Exercise 45
2.15
Government Policy 46
2.15.1
Implementation of The Policy 46
2.15.2
Adequate Facilities and Equipments 46
2.15.3
Adequate Health Personnel 46
2.16
Health Education 47
2.16.1
Full Participation 47
2.17
Regular Payment of Health Personnel Salary 47
Chapter Three
Research Methodology
3.0
Research Design 48
3.1
Population for the study 48
3.2
Sample and Sampling Techniques 48
3.3 Research Instrument 49
3.4
Validity of Research Instrument 49
3.5
Reliability of the Instrument 49
3.
6 Procedure for data collection 50
3.7
Procedure for Data Analysis 50
Chapter Four
4.0
Data Presentation Analysis and Discussion of Findings 51
4.1
Data presentation and Analysis 51
4.2
Testing of Hypotheses 54
5.0
Chapter five: Summary of Findings, Recommendation and conclusion
5.1
Summary 63
5.2
Conclusion 64
5.3
Recommendation 65
REFERENCE 67
APPENDIX 75
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
It is
believed that God created man in his own image to be in control of the environment
and make the best out of it as recorded in the bible (Gen 1 vs. 26-31). But man
in his search for daily bread, quest for knowledge and material wealth, has
turned round to pollute the beautiful environment. From the earliest times man
has been striving to control the environment. But as said earlier, man owns the
health and life. That is why he found himself from the dragon headed problems
he has caused himself in recent times. Environmental sanitation has become a
topical subject at international, national, state and local spheres. This is
aimed at initiating action to arrest the fast deteriorating environmental
health status worldwide (Strauss,2000).
In Nigeria today, the congestion of people in
urban area which is mainly as a result of rural-urban migration, the
concentration of industrial establishment and shares, increase in pollution
have made the control of the environment imperative and equally challenging. To
improve the general environmental sanitation of the major towns in Nigeria has
always constituted a big problem to both individual and government with the
result that the towns/cities are being strangulated by things generated by the inhabitants.
The result of this condition is environmental pollution in its entire ramification.
The problems of pollution have also found its way into the political area and
every community in every state has been confronting difficulties of his environment.
The problem of sanitation and hygienic behaviour among the majority of
Nigerians are so serious that the Federal Military Government had to come-in to
check the situation towards achieving “health for all by 2000 and beyond” as
declared by the World Health Organization (WHO,1977).
Several
strategies were mapped out and adopted by the federal government (the military
regime in 1984 to achieve this objective) consequently; the environmental
sanitation programmes were mounted throughout the federation. This was followed
by the establishment of the “tax force on environmental sanitation” at both
state and local levels to coordinate this elaborate programme, the importance
of sanitation to any community cannot be over emphasized. It is a way of
controlling diseases and disposal of refuse in a proper way. Government and
individuals on their own have tried to improve the system of environmental sanitation
but this has given them a lot of problems to contend with.
In fact,
the cities are always being filled up with filthy materials while the rubbish
and the garbage in the dust bin are not cleared on time. This makes the
environment unpleasant to the people who live in those areas caught in web.
There are poor storage facilities, inefficient collection and removal from our
home and the society to the refuse depot. This has resulted in various health
hazards such as: air pollution, water pollution and land pollution.
The
major towns of Ijebu North Local Government are:, Ago-iwoye, Oru, Awa, Ilaporu,
Ijebu-Igbo which is the Head Quarter. The trend or patterns of environmental
sanitation in the major towns of Ijebu North Local Government Area are as
follows:
a) Thursday
Environmental Sanitation: It is known as market sanitation. During this
sanitation exercise, the health officers walk around the market environment to
make sure that the market men/women clean their environment. They also ensure
that their environment is free from health hazards.
b) Monthly Environmental
Sanitation: This is carried out on last Saturday of every month in all Nigerian
states. It commences from 7am-10am. During this period, the health officer also
walk round the street to supervise the exercise and ensure the package of the
refuse gathered by the people to the appropriate quarters and to make sure the
environment is clean. The health officers also sanction those who fails to participate
in the environmental exercise.
In Ijebu
North Local Government Area of Ogun State, there are Health Area Offices located
at Ijebu-Igbo, the back of Ebumawe
palace in Ago Iwoye, Oru, Ilaporu and Awa. There is also a routine of House-to-house
Inspection and this is done in the whole of Ijebu North Local Government Area
of Ogun State everyday by the health Inspection officers. House-to-house Inspection
is carried out in order to correct those who needs to be corrected and to sanction
those who needs to be sanctioned due to their nonchalant attitude towards save
and sound environment.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Inadequate
environmental sanitation results in morbidity which may later lead to death. It
is important for an individual to live in a healthful environment so as to have
maximum enjoyment of life. The sanitation condition of environment has become
an issue of serious concern to Nigerians, especially with the migration of
people from rural to urban centers. It should be noted that poor or dirty
environment has adverse effect on our health which has nothing to do with age
or status.
In fact,
the problem of poor environmental sanitation and unhygienic behaviour among the
majority of Nigerians have persisted despite the various sanctions or stringet
measures taken by government and other health agencies to enforce a change of
attitude among the people. It is important to note too that all the while
emphasis has been on the mass rural population or communities that contributes
significantly to the urban populace. Then, this stands the reason to assert
that the individual home orientation would also be unconsciously exhibited in a
new environment. The neglect of the sanitation crusade at the grass root level
has made the sanitation effort in most of our towns and cities passive. Poor
environmental exercise leads to different diseases which may be communicable or
non communicable such as: cholera, tuberculosis, diarrhoea, poliominitis, helminthiasis,
malaria etc (OMS,1985). Diseases peculiar to Ijebu North Local Government Area of
Ogun state which is the area of study are Diseases, malaria, diarrhea (Direct Observation,2011
till date). The major cause of the above listed diseases in Ijebu North Local
Government Area of Ogun State is poor environmental sanitation and personal
hygiene.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is
the effect of refuse disposal on human health in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun
State?
2. Will
inadequate environmental sanitation promotes the occurrence of communicable diseases
Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State?
3. Is there
adequate refuse disposal equipment Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun
State?
4. Will good
environmental sanitation leads to a healthy life?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses will be tested:
1.
Adequate environmental sanitation may not significantly lead to reduction of
the diseases.
2. Adequate
environmental sanitation may not significantly lead to reduction of malaria.
3. Personal
health may not significantly lead to typhoid fever reduction.
4.
Adequate environmental sanitation may not significantly lead to the reduction
of diarrhea disease.
5.
Adequate environmental sanitation may not significantly lead to the reduction
of Diseases.
6.
Personal hygiene may not significantly lead to dysentery reduction.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study shall investigate
various Effect of refuse disposal on human health in Ijebu North Local
Government Area of Ogun State and the individual’s understanding towards this
exercise. The study shall also reveal to the people, the consequences of poor
environmental sanitation exercise.
Finally, this study shall also serve as a
useful material for the government, health educator, and public health workers
on resolving the causes of poor sanitary condition.
1.7 Delimitation of the Study
The study would be delimited to:
1. The male
and female who live in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun state.
2. The use
of self structured questionnaire as instrument for data collection
3. The use
of descriptive research design
4. The use
of frequency percentage counts to analyze the demographic data and the inferential
statistic of Chi-square (X2) to determine the acceptance and
non-acceptance.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
The limitations
that the researcher might experience in the quest of finding the truth in this
study are as follows:
The responses
that would be provided by the people to some of the questionnaire form may be
incompletely filled. Efforts would be made by the researcher in guiding
respondents to fill the questionnaire appropriately. Other limitations in the
course of this study would be adequately taken care of by the researcher.
1.9 Operational Definition of Terms.
1. Environmental
sanitation-The control of all those factors in man’s environment which may
exert a negative effect on his physical development, health and survival.
2. Poor Environment:
Unhygienic Environment or Unclean Environment.
3. Health
consequences: impact of unhygienic environment on people’s wellbeing.