CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Child abuse is said to be intentional acts that results in physical or emotional harm to children. The term child abuse covers a wide range of behaviour, from actual physical assault key parents or other adult caretakers to neglect of a child’s basic needs Child abuse is also sometimes called child maltreatment (Gelles 1993).
Although the extent of child abuse is difficult to measure, it if recognized as a major social problem, especially in industrialized nations. It occurs in all income, racial, religious and ethnic groups arid in Urban arid Rural communities It is, however, more common in some groups especially those below the poverty line
Cultures around the world have different standards in deciding what constitutes child abuse. In Sweden, for example, the law prohibits any physical punishment of children, including spanking By contrast, in some countries of Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean, parents are expected to punish their children by hitting then
There are several different types of child abuse and some children experience more than one form physical abuse for instance includes deliberate acts of violence that injure or even kill a child unexplained bruises, broken bones, or burn marks on a child may be signs of physical abase. Sexual abuse occurs when adults use children for sexual gratification or expose them to sexual activities. Sexual abuse may begin with kissing or fondling and progress to more intrusive sexual acts, such as oral sex and vaginal or anal penetration. Emotional abuse destroys a child’s self esteem. Such abuse commonly includes repeated verbal, abuse of a child in the form of shouting, threats and degrading or humiliating criticism. Other types of emotional abuse are confinement such as shutting a child in a dark closet and social isolation, such as denying a child friends.
The most common form of child abuse is neglect. Physical neglect involves a parent’s failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter pr medical care to a child. It may also include inadequate supervision and a consistent failure to protect a child from hazards or danger. Emotional neglect occurs when a parent car caretaker fails to meet a child’s basic needs for affection and comfort. Examples of emotional neglect include behaving in a cold, distant, and unaffectionate way towards a child, allowing a child to witness chronic or serve spousal abuse, allowing a child to use alcohol or drugs and encouraging a child to engage in delinquent behaviour. Another form of neglect involves failing to meet a child’s basic education needs, either by failing to enroll a child in school frequently.
According to the National center on child Abuse and Neglect, in 1977 about 3 million children in the United States were reported as abused or neglected to government agencies that investigate child abuse. Many researchers though, believe that statistics based on official reports do not accurately reflect the prevalence of child abuse. This may be due to the fact that definitions of maltreatment vary from state to state and among agencies, making such statistics unreliable; professionals who interact with children, such as: teachers, day-care workers, pediatricians and police officers may fail to recognize car report abuse; also acts of abuse usually occur in the privacy of a family’s home and often go unreported.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The risk of child abuse within a family is raised by stress brought on by a variety of social conditions. -These conditions, a larger-than-average family size, the presence of a new baby or a disabled person in the home, and the death of a family member. A large majority of reported cases of child abuse comes from families living in poverty. Child abuse also occurs in middle class and wealthy families, but it is better reported among the poor for several reasons.
Adolescent period is a period of physiological, biological, and intellectual transition: A period between the end of Childhood and the beginning of adulthood, it occurs between the ages of 11 and 18 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) has however defined adolescence as the period from 10-19 years of age. By the end of adolescence, the child becomes physically, socially, emotionally and intellectually mature. Adolescents everywhere experience a complex psychosexual development involving the formulation of a sexual identity, management of emerging sexual feelings and accommodation to cultural expectations.
As a child develops, at every stage, certain things are required of him for personality arid societal adjustment. Each stage car phase of human development has a number of tasks that must he learned or accomplishes for the individual to attain the level of maturity expected of him by his cultural group. The skill habits, behaviour arid attitudes that must be learned for these purposes are known as development task R J Havinghurst developed a widely accepted list of developmental tasks for the different age levels. However, some Adolescent developmental tasks are independence from the family; adjustment to sexual maturation and development of good self-image, establishment of Healthy Rolation!5hip, deciding and preparing for meaningful vocation
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLLM
A 1994 retrospective review of 1,526 studies on primary prevention of Child Abuse found that only 30 studies were okay. 11 of which dealt with Physical Abuse; and neglect. This means Primary prevention of child abuse such as depriving the child of the basic children’s rights such as right to life right to be protected from indecent and inhuman treatment through sexual exploitation, drug abuse, child labour among others affect the child’s social development
Child Abuse is observed to be more pronounced in children between the age bracket of 10 – 19 years which are of course referred to as Adolescents. By the end of Adolescence, the child is expected to have been physically, socially, emotionally and intellectually matured but when denied the necessary factors which contribute to this expected maturity, his/her social development will be definitely affected.
This study is therefore designed to investigate the overall effect of child Abuse on the academic and social development of Adolescents in some selected Secondary Schools in Kosofe Local Government Educational District.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Child abuse is said to be intentional acts that results in physical or emotional harm to children. The term child abuse covers a wide range of behaviour, from actual physical assault key parents or other adult caretakers to neglect of a child’s basic needs Child abuse is also sometimes called child maltreatment (Gelles 1993).
Although the extent of child abuse is difficult to measure, it if recognized as a major social problem, especially in industrialized nations. It occurs in all income, racial, religious and ethnic groups arid in Urban arid Rural communities It is, however, more common in some groups especially those below the poverty line
Cultures around the world have different standards in deciding what constitutes child abuse. In Sweden, for example, the law prohibits any physical punishment of children, including spanking By contrast, in some countries of Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean, parents are expected to punish their children by hitting then
There are several different types of child abuse and some children experience more than one form physical abuse for instance includes deliberate acts of violence that injure or even kill a child unexplained bruises, broken bones, or burn marks on a child may be signs of physical abase. Sexual abuse occurs when adults use children for sexual gratification or expose them to sexual activities. Sexual abuse may begin with kissing or fondling and progress to more intrusive sexual acts, such as oral sex and vaginal or anal penetration. Emotional abuse destroys a child’s self esteem. Such abuse commonly includes repeated verbal, abuse of a child in the form of shouting, threats and degrading or humiliating criticism. Other types of emotional abuse are confinement such as shutting a child in a dark closet and social isolation, such as denying a child friends.
The most common form of child abuse is neglect. Physical neglect involves a parent’s failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter pr medical care to a child. It may also include inadequate supervision and a consistent failure to protect a child from hazards or danger. Emotional neglect occurs when a parent car caretaker fails to meet a child’s basic needs for affection and comfort. Examples of emotional neglect include behaving in a cold, distant, and unaffectionate way towards a child, allowing a child to witness chronic or serve spousal abuse, allowing a child to use alcohol or drugs and encouraging a child to engage in delinquent behaviour. Another form of neglect involves failing to meet a child’s basic education needs, either by failing to enroll a child in school frequently.
According to the National center on child Abuse and Neglect, in 1977 about 3 million children in the United States were reported as abused or neglected to government agencies that investigate child abuse. Many researchers though, believe that statistics based on official reports do not accurately reflect the prevalence of child abuse. This may be due to the fact that definitions of maltreatment vary from state to state and among agencies, making such statistics unreliable; professionals who interact with children, such as: teachers, day-care workers, pediatricians and police officers may fail to recognize car report abuse; also acts of abuse usually occur in the privacy of a family’s home and often go unreported.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The risk of child abuse within a family is raised by stress brought on by a variety of social conditions. -These conditions, a larger-than-average family size, the presence of a new baby or a disabled person in the home, and the death of a family member. A large majority of reported cases of child abuse comes from families living in poverty. Child abuse also occurs in middle class and wealthy families, but it is better reported among the poor for several reasons.
Adolescent period is a period of physiological, biological, and intellectual transition: A period between the end of Childhood and the beginning of adulthood, it occurs between the ages of 11 and 18 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) has however defined adolescence as the period from 10-19 years of age. By the end of adolescence, the child becomes physically, socially, emotionally and intellectually mature. Adolescents everywhere experience a complex psychosexual development involving the formulation of a sexual identity, management of emerging sexual feelings and accommodation to cultural expectations.
As a child develops, at every stage, certain things are required of him for personality arid societal adjustment. Each stage car phase of human development has a number of tasks that must he learned or accomplishes for the individual to attain the level of maturity expected of him by his cultural group. The skill habits, behaviour arid attitudes that must be learned for these purposes are known as development task R J Havinghurst developed a widely accepted list of developmental tasks for the different age levels. However, some Adolescent developmental tasks are independence from the family; adjustment to sexual maturation and development of good self-image, establishment of Healthy Rolation!5hip, deciding and preparing for meaningful vocation
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLLM
A 1994 retrospective review of 1,526 studies on primary prevention of Child Abuse found that only 30 studies were okay. 11 of which dealt with Physical Abuse; and neglect. This means Primary prevention of child abuse such as depriving the child of the basic children’s rights such as right to life right to be protected from indecent and inhuman treatment through sexual exploitation, drug abuse, child labour among others affect the child’s social development
Child Abuse is observed to be more pronounced in children between the age bracket of 10 – 19 years which are of course referred to as Adolescents. By the end of Adolescence, the child is expected to have been physically, socially, emotionally and intellectually matured but when denied the necessary factors which contribute to this expected maturity, his/her social development will be definitely affected.
This study is therefore designed to investigate the overall effect of child Abuse on the academic and social development of Adolescents in some selected Secondary Schools in Kosofe Local Government Educational District.