CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable
energy is energy that comes from resources which are continually replenished
such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. About 16% of
global final energy consumption comes from renewable resources with 10% of all
energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for heating and 3.4% from
hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewable [REN21,2011]
Wind
power is growing at the rate of 30% annually with a worldwide installed
capacity of 282,482 mega watts (MW) at the end of 2012 and is widely used in
Europe, Asia, and the United State. At the end of 2012, the photovoltaic (PV)
capacity worldwide was 100,000MW and PV power stations are popular in Germany
and Italy. Solar power stations are popular in Spain, and the Mojave Desert.
The world’s largest geothermal power installed is the Geysers in California,
with a rated capacity of 750MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy
programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane,
and ethanol now provides 18% of the country’s automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is
also widely available in the USA [WAE, 2001] [3] while many renewable energy
projects are large scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and
remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development. [Ben,2011].
As
of 2011, small solar PV systems provide electricity to a few million
households, and micro-hydro configured into minigrids serves many more over
44million households use biogas made in household scale digesters for lighting
and or cooking and other than 166million households rely on a new generation of
more efficient biomass cookstores. [a] [Schroeder & smith, 2008]. United
nations secretary, general Banki Moon has said that renewable energy has the
ability to lift the poorest nations to new level of prosperity.] [Carrington,
2003].
Climate
change and global warming concerns, coupled with high oil price, peak and
increasing government support, are during increasing renewable energy
legislation, incentives and commercialization. New government spending
regulation and policies helped the industry weather the global financial crisis
better than many other sectors. According to a 2011 projection by the
international energy agency, solar power generators may produce most of the
world’s electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing the emissions of
greenhouse gases that harm the environment. [IEA,2012].
Renewable
energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In
its various form, it derives directly from the sun or from heat generated deep
within the earth. Includes in the definition is electricity and heat generated
from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources and biofuels
and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.
Renewable
energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over
wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are
concentrated in a limited number efficiency and technological diversification
of energy sources would result in significant energy replaces conversional fuel
in four distinct and four security & economic benefits [Kris,2013]
Renewable
energy replaces conversional fuels in four distinct areas, electricity generation,
hot water/ space heating motor fuels and rural (off-grid energy services]
[Encyclopedia,2013]
POWER
GENERATION – Renewable energy provides 19% of electricity generation worldwide.
Renewable power generators are spread across many countries, rapid and wind
power alone already provides a significant share of electricity in some areas
for example, 14% in the U.S state of IOWA, 40% in the nor them. Germany state
of schleswing. Holstein and 49% in Donmark some countries get most of their
power from renewable, including Iceland [100%], Norway [98%], Brazil [86%],
Austria [62%] Newzealand [65%], and Sweden [54%] [Steve,2011].
1.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR HEATING
Solar
hot water make an important contribution to renewable hat in many countries,
most notably in china which now has 70% of the global total [180GWh]. Most of
these systems are installed on multifamily apartment building and meet a
portion of the hot water estimated 50-60million households in china. Worldwide
total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water heating
needs of over 70million households. The use of biomass for heating continues to
grow as well. In Sweden, national use of biomass energy surpassed that of oil
direct geothermal for heating is also growing rapidly.
1.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR TRANSPORT FUEL
Renewable
biofuels have contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in the
limited states since 2006. The 936billion liters of biofuels produced worldwide
in 2009 displaced the equivalent of an estimated 68billion liter of gasoline,
equal to about 5% of world gasoline production.
At
the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable
energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. National renewable energy
markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and
beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer term
shares of renewable energy including a binding 20% by 2020 target for the
European Union some countries have much higher long-term policy target of up to
100% renewable outside Europe, a diverse group of 20 or more other countries
target renewable energy shares in the 2020-2030 time frame that range from 10%
to 50%.
In
international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting
renewable sources such as solar power and wind power, requiring utilities to
use more renewable energy (even if this increase the cost, and use of such
technologies. There is substantial optimism that renewable energy investment
will pay off economically the long term.] [Edwin,2011].
1.4 AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
aim of this project is to install a 2KVA stand above photovoltaic system, using
an office in physics department as a case study.
OBJECTIVES
1. To
generate electricity from solar energy in while the source is free in nature
and abundant.
2. To
find solution to irregularity in power supply by PHCN
3. To
carry out the system sizing in solar power generator.
4. To
study the performance of each component constituting the solar power generator.