CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Communication is vital
part of human existence, as long as there is life, human being perpetually
seeking to be heard and understood to look around us today, human being are
always interacting with one another.
The person wishing to be heard and
understood is the sender of the message. He generates meaning by encoding the
message in a way he thanks it would be understood. The person who is the target
of the message is the receiver. He listens to the messages, decodes, attributes
meanings to it and sends feedbacks to the sender depending on the meaning he
attributes to the message.
This is why communication has been
described as the process of generating and attributing meanings in an
organization setting, nothing can be achieved without communication, because
organization exists to accomplish goals that a single individual cannot tackle.
It is then compulsory for interaction of all sorts to take place on
organization.
Communication in organization is the transfer
of information between manager and his staff. It is a necessary process in
directing the efforts of others towards the achievement of results. If
management entails getting things done through people, communication is the
essence of it, for without effective communication no one would know what they
are supposed to be doing, Nor would there be any basis for answering questions
solving problems, obtaining feedback or measuring result.
Communication in management like other
sphare of life is very vital. It is said that successful communication is the
end to misunderstanding and aided by good morale, which could lead to increase
in productivity and co-operation among
the managers and their workers.
It is imperatives to state that success
or failure of any organization depends on how well effective communication is
practiced. Some organisation are not developing due to ineffective
communication process practiced.
Negotiations, discussions and
conclusions are always taking place at all level of the organization among
laborers at the lowers rank of the ladders, between superiors and subordinates,
people on the levels and even at management level.
Communication is thus an essential part
of organization setting because business operation would come to a half without
it.
Organization development can be
considered as an approval to the introduction of planned changed concentrating
on the process of change, rather than the content. It involves a number of
behavioral science techniques which are designed to build a more effective
organization.
The concept aims to helps the
organization gain an insight into its own process.
The increasing need for change led to
development organization development, created by change.
a.
Technology and labour
skills
b.
Attitudes of employee
c.
Size of organization
d.
Need to improve
performance.
In
developing the above statements, two of the processing does not require
communication management. An “agent of change” is needed to get a catalyst. He
may be from inside or outside the organization, without communication this
cannot be possible. The aim is to help the company solve its own problems and
focus is on organization at group and inter-personal process.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Organization
development (OD) is a planned, organization wide effort to increase an
organization effectiveness and viability, Warren Bennis has referred to
organization development as a response to change, a complex educational
strategy intended to change the beliefs, attitudes, values and structure of
organization so that they can better adapt to new technologies, marketing and
challenges, and the dizzying rate of change itself.
Organizational development is neither
“anything done to better an organization” nor is it “the training function of
the organization”, it is a particular kind of change process designed to bring
about a particular kind of end result. Organizational development can involved,
interventions in the organization’s ’’process’’ using behavioural well as
organizational reflection, system improvement, planning and self-analysis.
Kurt lewin (1898-1947) is widely
recognized as the founding father of organizational development although he
died before the concept became current in mid- 1950s from lewin came the ideas
of group dynamics and action research which underpin the basic organizational
development process as well as providing its collaborative consultant/ client ethos.
Institutionally, Lewin founded the “Research center for group dynamics “(RCGD)
at MIT, which moved to Michigan after his death, RCGD colleagues were among
those who founded the National Training Laboratories (NTL) from which the T.
group and group-based organizational development emerged. In the UK the
tavistock institute of human Relations was important in developing system
theories. The joint TIHR journal Human relations was an early journal in the
field.
The journal of applied behavioural
sciences is now the leading journal in the field.
At the core of organization development
is the concept of organization, defined as two or more people working together
toward one or more shared goal (s). development in this context is the nation
that an organization may become more effective over time at achieving its goals.
Organizational development is a long range effort to improve organization’s
problem solving and renewal processes, particularly through more effective and
collaborative management of organization culture, often with the assistance of
a change agent or catalyst, and the use of the theory and technology of applied
for the study and practice of organizational development, new and emerging
fields of study have made their presence known. Experts in systems thinking,
leadership studies, organizational leadership studies, organizational
leadership, and organizational learning ( to name a few) whose perspective is
not stepped in just, the behavioural sciences but a much more multi-disciplinary
and interdesplinary approach have emerged as organizational development catalysts.
The term catalysts is synonymous with the nation of a leader who is emerged in
going leadership, a transformative or effectiveness process as opposed to management,
a more incremental or efficiency based change methodology.
Organizational development is an
ongoing, systematic process to implement effective change in an organization.
Organizational development is known as both a field of applied behavioral
science focused on understanding and managing organizational changed and as a
field of scientific study and inquiry. It is interdisciplinary in nature and
draws on sociology, psychology and theories of motivation, learning and
personality. Organizational development is a growing field that is responsive
to many new approaches including positive adult development.
The ultimate aim of organizational
development practitioners is to “work themselves out of a job” by leaving the
client organization with a set of tools, behaviours, attitudes, and an action
plan with which to monitor its own state of health and to take corrective steps
towards it own renewal and development.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
There has been an
increase in the rate of industrial conflict today, low response from customer
to organization output, low productivity, management of organization funds,
production storage, delayed in raw materials supplies and supply of substandard
quality raw material, due to ineffective communication process. The above
mentioned problems can lead to total failure of such organization or set back for
the organization.
This however, geared the researchers to
take up the research work and let the reader know the result of effective
communication in organization in organization settings.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objectives of
this research work is to meet the requirement for the award of higher National
Diploma (HND) in Business Administration. Also, since it is known that
communication is the bedrock of any organization, the researchers has then take
interest to study how communication as a means of enhancing organizational
development. More so, it is to determine whether communication processes are
effectively practiced as a case study of the project work INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO
COMPANY (ITC), Ilorin. This will help a lot to know the value of communication
in an organization setting.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Communication has
always been and still is an important aspect of daily living. More than ever
before, its importance is heightened by the fact that the whole world is more
interrelated than in the past, due to the development of organization.
Most only thus, the amount of industrial
unrest that is evident today underscores this point, besides the term
generation gap signifies failure in communication between various age groups in
the society.
Evidence all around us and our personal
experience suggest that effective communication is not easy even though very
desirable.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
There are lots of
communication principles used in most organization settings, but this research
work will be restricted to communication variables, methods of communication
and types of communication.
The researchers will especially cover
manufacturing industry the researcher intended covering several organisation in
different part of the country, especially manufacturing industries, but due to
some constraints, which will be later.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The researchers have
been limited to international Tobacco company, Ilorin Kwara state.
The findings from this case study will
be used to present the organization of manufacturing industries in Nigeria.
The limitation of this study is not an
easy task to undertake a research work in any field of human endeavour. Ours is
not an explanation, such problems like finance, secrecy, the size of the
establishment and time, have all contributed to the narrowed result.
a.
Finance:The researchers did not find it easy
going from school to the case study center every time before they could get the
title data and because the researchers were running shorts of funds, the visit
could not be intensified
b.
Size
of the establishment: the researchers only
covered a branch of international Tobacco company out of many branches and head
office. This is due to the fact that the head office is located in lagos cannot
keep visiting, due to lack of adequate funds.
c.
Time:
The time allocated for this research
work is too short and coupled with other academic work which the researchers
has to face, thereby reducing the researchers work to minimum.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Communication:
peter little (1977) defined communication as the process by which information
is transmitted between individuals and organizations so that an understanding
response results.
2. Organization: It
can be define as the vehicle, by which large scale effort are blends efforts
together in pursuit of a major objective.
3. Development: Development
can defined as the process of giving adequate training to the employee procured
in an organization in other to increase productivity and social welfare of
employees.
4. Eutos:
this simply means the moral ideas and attitudes that belong to a particular
group or society.
5. Client: This
simply means a person who uses the services or advice of a professional person
organization.
6. Under-pin:
this can be express as to support or form the basis of an argument.
7. Catalyst:
this simple means a person or thing that causes a changes.