ABSTRACT
This project work is concerned with
assessment to different types of foundation and their mode of construction
though looks like a literature review but entails full information and chosen.
Foundation samples were limited to three
different locations within Ilorin metropolis. Terzaghi equation was used for
determining soil bearing capacity of the three cohesionless soil samples taken.
The result obtained from the calculation
shows that the soil in the three foundation Examined can resist any excessive
settlement of super-structure load without excessive settlement of shear and it
shows a good indication that the soil is good to be used as a sub grade or sub-base
materials for construction.
In general the soil material in those
three foundation posses similar characteristic.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Table
of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Objective of the Study 1
1.2 Objectives 1
1.3 Scope of the Study 2
1.4 Justification of the Study 2
1.5 Statement of the Problem 2
1.6 Methodology 3
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Foundation in General 4
2.1 Design Requirement 4
2.2 Foundation Bearing Capacity Analysis 5
2.2.1Type of Bearing Capacity 5
2.2.2Presumed Bearing Value Table (Bs 8004: 1986)
for
Preliminary
Design 5
2.3 Choice of Foundation 6
2.4 Factors Affecting the Choice of Foundation 6
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Methodology & Type of Foundation 8
3.0.1Pile Foundation 8
3.0.2Pile Categories 10
3.0.3Classification of Pile According to their
Function 10
3.1 Classification of Pile According to their
Composition or Material of Construction 11
3.2 Factor Influencing Choice of Pile 13
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion 30
4.1 Foundation Requirement Strength and Stability
of Foundation 31
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Conclusion 37
5.1 Recommendation 38
References 39
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
One of the major needs of human being in
life is shelter to protect man and their properties from some nature hazards.
Such hazard may include rainfall, wind, snow, sun, e.t.c which may challenge
the way of standard living which man propose. One of the most critical agenda
that human being proposed about their wellbeing in the olden days is to have
houses inform of huts where they can live after which civilization exhausted
the mindset of human from staying in hut to a more conducive and mighty
buildings.
The development of bricks and stone for
the construction of building necessitate the need for foundation, though the
type of foundation most appropriate for a given structure depend greatly on the
type of soil, the soil properties, soil condition and the type of building
intended to be built on it.
Foundation can thus be defined as the
horizontal members supporting the entire structure and transmitting the load of
the structure to the subsoil. Foundation in respect to soil may further be
explained as the lowest part of a building which is situated below the ground
level and it is satisfactorily design to transfer or permit load on it.
1.1
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
AIM
The aim of this study is to determine a
compactable foundation type from a yielded soil bearing capacity to avoid
settlement or shrinkage.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
i.
To say when and where each type of foundation in needed.
ii. To broaden the structural engineering
knowledge on which type of foundation suits a certain structure so as to have a
safe structure.
iii. To give information on all the types of
foundation to allow the building safe from shrinkage or overturning.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
For this project it is intended to state
the various forms of foundation and how each type of the foundation discussed
is being constructed, and determination of bearing capacity for some soil
sample. Therefore the samples for testing were limited to three different locations
in Ilorin metropolis.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The need for Assessment to different
types of foundation and their mode of Construction is to provide adequate
knowledge and information for the builder, structural engineer, and even the
site engineer, as to which type of foundation will suits chosen site and mode
of constructing such type of foundation.
As we all know that every type of
structure starts with foundation and proper measure must be taken in order to
achieve a firm foundation as it is going to be explained in a project work.
1.5
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Civil Engineering design, foundation
is a necessary and it is the early stage of any building in construction, so
special attention should be given to it since it is meant to transmit the load
of the structure to the subsoil.
Although there are problem encountered
in the construction of some types of foundation among which are:
i. For example in the construction of pile
foundation the cast of machine and plant needed cannot be afforded by everyone
because it’s too cost there is also risk in transporting the pre-cast pile to
where it is needed and it may break or wound worker if not properly handled.
ii. Some type of foundation like cellular raft
foundation and pile foundation requires experts
iii. Some area has a very loose soil properties
and digging to hard stratum may be difficult, take time and energy.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
The assessment of foundation and its
construction involves a carefully examination, study and determination of the
bearing capacity of the soil on which the proposed building will be constructed and in most cases digging to a
hard stratum prove futile, all these should be put into consideration.
Because the failure or collapse of most
of structure starts from the foundation if not properly designed and
constructed or if the supposed type of foundation is not used or wrongly chosen
for such structure, for example in a place where pile foundation is used
instead or in strip foundation where the depth of the footing is expected to be
150mm and 70mm is laid.
For cohesionless soil Terzaghi presented
the bearing capacity expression below for general share failure.
qu= gDfNq + 0.4gBNg for square footing and qu= CNc + gDfNq + 0.5gBNg for Strip footing.
The
Nc, Nq and Ng
are general bearing capacity which depend on the foundation depth, shape and
roughness and the angle of internal friction.