(a) Name five vertebrae in mammals with their corresponding locations in the table below.
(b) State one function each of the following parts in a dicotyledonous leaf: (i) palisade; (ii) vascular bundle; (iii) epidermis.
(c)State one function each of the following parts in the stem of a flowering plant: (i) sieve tube; (ii) cortex; (iii) pith.
(d) In a tabular form, state:
(i) two external structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding.
(ii) two internal structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding
Explanation
(a) Vertebrae with corresponding location
| Vertebrae | Location |
|---|---|
| Cervical | Neck |
| Thoracic | Chest/Thorax |
| Lumbar | Abdomen/Upper abdomen/loin |
| Sacral | Hip/lower abdomen |
| Caudal | Tail/coccyx |
(b) Function of:
(i) Palisade
– Manufactures food/carries out photosynthesis/site of photosynthesis;
– Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis;
(ii) Vascular bundle
– Contains xylem for transport of water/mineral salts/phloem for translocation of manufactured organic substances/hormones;
– Provides mechanical support;
(iii) Epidermis
– It keeps the leaf’s shape;
– Provides mechanical support;
(c) Function of
(i) Sieve tube
– Translocates/transports manufactured foods to other parts of the plant;
(ii) Cortex
– The cells of cortex store starch;
– Outer cortex cells of green stems contain chloroplasts and make food by photosynthesis/chlorophyllus cortex cells manufacture food;
(iii) Pith
– Cells of pith act as packing/food storage tissues;
– Supports the stem;
(d) Structural differences
(i) External structural differences between stem and root of a maize seedling
| Stem of a maize seedling | Root of a maize seedling |
|---|---|
| – Fibrous root absent | fibrous root present; |
| – Chlorophyllus/greenish | non chlorophyllus/non-greenish; |
| – Leaves are present | leaves are absent; |
| – Thicker in size | thinner in size; |
| – Coleoptiles/shoot sheath present | coleoptiles/shoot sheath absent; |
| – Coleorhizae/radicle sheath absent | coleorhizae/radicle sheath present. |
(ii) Internal structural differences between stem and root of a maize seedling
| Stem of a maize seedling | Root of a maize seedling |
|---|---|
| – Vascular bundles are scattered | vascular bundles are arranged/in a ring form; |
| – More vascular bundles | less vascular bundles; |
| – Cortex is narrower | cortex is wider; |
| – Pith is absent | pith is present; |
| – Endodermis absent | endodermis present |
| – Phloem and xylem do not alternate | phloem alternates with xylem; |
| – Piliferous layer absent | piliferous layer present |