(a) (i) Explain the term marketing channel. [2 marks]
(ii) Outline the marketing channels for cocoa. [4 marks]
(b) State three characteristics of land. [3 marks]
(c) List three agricultural extension programmes in West Africa. [3 marks]
(d) State four advantages of using demonstration as an extension teaching method. [4 marks]
Explanation
(a) Explanation of marketing channel: Marketing channel is the sequence of intermediaries and market to through which produce move from the producers to the consumers or the stage through which a produce passes in the market system starting from the producer till it gets to the final consumer.
(ii) Marketing channels for cocoa
-Producers
-Licensed Buying Agents (L.B.As)/Produce buyers
-Marketing boards
-Processors
-Wholesalers
– Retailers
– Consumers
(b) Characteristics of land
– Land is a natural gift.
– Land can appreciate or depreciate in value.
– It is geographically immobile.
– It is abundant in some areas and scarce in other areas.
– It is heterogenous in quality, differing from one place to another in topography, soil texture, and structure, soil fertility, etc.
-Because of its limited supply, land is also subject to the law of diminishing returns.
-Reward for land is rent. Availability is subject to land use Act/Law.
– Its suitability influences output.
-Its value is determined by its location.
-It can be used as collateral for loan.
c) Agricultural Extension Programmes in West Africa
-Agricultural Development Projects
-Agro-service centres.
-Operation Feed Yourself.
-Farm settlement schemes.
-River basin and rural development authorities.
-National agricultural land development agency.
-Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI).
-National Fadama development project.
-National Accelerated Food Production Programme.
-Tikonko Agricultural Extension.
-Green Revolution.
– TEKO veterinary service programme.
– Operation Feed Your Industry (OFYI)
– Do It Yourself (TESITO) –
Back to Land
– Operation Feed the Nation.
(d) Advantages of using demonstration as an extension teaching method
– It enables participants to debate issues and make sound judgements about lessons being taught.
-It appeals to logic and reasoning.
-It provides a problem-solving practical experience/ makes learning easier.
-It allows the teaching of a larger number of farmers at the same time.
-Helps to move farmers from the awareness and interest stages of learning to those of trial and adoption/captures the attention of farmers.
-It is more economical in terms of time, energy and other resources compared to other methods.
-Communication is made much easier for the extension officer/agent.