Differentiate between land ownership by leasehold and land ownership by freehold. [ 2 marks…

Explanation

(a) Differences between land ownership by leasehold and land ownership by freehold:
 Leasehold involves the payment of fees for land used over a stated period of time under agreed specified conditions Whereas/ on the other hand Freehold is the outright purchase of land (permanent ownership).

Land ownership by leasehold 
-Use/ownership is for a specific Land ownership by freehold period of time 
– Permanent crops cannot be planted/Permanent structures cannot be erected
– Land cannot be used as.collateral for loan
-Land cannot be sold

Land Ownership by freehold
-Use /ownership is permanent 
-Permanent crops can be planted/ Permanent structures can be erected  
-Land can be sued as collateral for loan  
-Land can be sold 

(b) ways in which non-governmental organizations contribute to agricultural development in West Africa 
– Carry out research to improve breeds of animals 
– Carry out research to develop new crop varieties
 – Fund agricultural extension projects 
– Provide social amenities in rural areas 
– Provide credit to farmers 
– Provide agricultural extension services/ educate farmers 
– Provide vaccines and drugs to farmers to control diseases and parasites of farm animals 
– Provide farming inputs such as agrochemicals, vaccines, drugs to farmers 
– Provide farm implements/ tools to farmers 
– Develop improved farming systems 
– Provide processing facilities 
– Provide storage facilities. 

(c) Ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa 
-Shortage/scarcity of farm labour 
-Causes high cost of farm labour
– Poor quality of labour in rural areas resulting in low productivity 
– Decrease in food production /food insecurity 
-Decrease in export 
– Inadequate supply of raw materials to agro industries 
– Poor adoption of agricultural innovation due to ageing farming population. 

(d) Socio-economic uses of land:
– Mining/oil exploration 
– industries / Companies / banks / factories / offices 
– Transport (roads, railway, airport, seaport) 
– Stadia/recreational centres.
– Health centres 
– Residential houses / estate development 
– Markets 
– Schools 
– Religious worship centres 
– Cemeteries / crematoriums 

(e) Ways by which environmental factors affect agricultural production
(i) Soil organisms
 – Improve soil structure 
– Help in organic matter decomposition 
– Improve soil fertility/ fix atmospheric nitrogen/ help in mineralization in soil 
– Improve soil aeration 
– improve water percolation 
– Cause diseases in plants 
– Reduce the quantity and quality of crops (nematodes) 

(ii) Soil texture 
– Determines soil aeration 
– Determines tillage practices 
– Determines water 
– holding capacity of soils 
– Determines the type of crop to be grown 
– Determines nutrient availability in the soil 
-Affects root penetration